Androids: The Communist Spies
Knowing the time period that Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep was
published in is important in understanding the metaphors that reoccur
throughout the book. Philip K. Dick was born in 1928 and had lived in a world
dominated by two superpowers for the majority of his life. The book was first
published in 1968, in the midst of the Cold War. The Cold War was a century
long standoff between the Soviet Union and the United States. They fought a
series of proxy wars in order to push their ideologies and raced to build the
biggest weapons and most innovative technologies. This racing also included
spying on the other country in order to steal technologies. Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep
shares a strong connection to the Cold War. The United States and the Soviets
are still in existence in a world that has obviously been devastated by nuclear
war (Dick 15,28); something that never happened in our world but was very much
a possibility. The androids that populate Earth are a metaphor for the rampart
spying that occurred in the U.S. No one knows who the androids are just as no
one knew who the Soviet spies were. They could be anyone.
McCarthyism
is a term used to describe the efforts of Senator Joseph McCarthy to oust
communist spies living in the United States. He handed out accusations left and
right and led investigations of actors, writers, and even members of the Truman
administration. Although he could not prove most of his accusations, it still
fueled fear among Americans that spies have infiltrated the United States and
could be anyone. The characters in the book feel this sentiment as well. Just
as many celebrities were accused of being spies, such as actor Charlie Chaplin
and Harlem Renaissance writer Langston Hughes, opera singer Luba Luft is
accused of being an android. Anyone in the book, even Rick Deckard himself,
could be an android and we would have no way of knowing unless they are
administered the Voigt-Kampff test. This test is similar to polygraph tests
that would have been given to individuals suspected of spying.
The
hysteria surrounding the fear of not knowing who is a spy or android isn’t the
only facet that relates the Cold War to the book. Bounty hunters can be seen as
American spies trying to find and kill Soviet spies. Androids and bounty
hunters both seem to have specialized weaponry (the laser tube) (Dick 106) like
a spy would have specialized gadgets. Some androids in the book are part of a
nonexistent police department (Dick 122, 123). This secret police is similar to
the actual Soviet secret police, the KGB, which existed in Communist Russia
until it’s collapse. In the time leading up to the book’s publishing, there had
been suspicions of brain washing prisoners of war (which include caught spies)
to accept communist regimes. This can be seen as a metaphor of androids having
memories implanted in their pseudo-brains (Dick 122).
One thing
that androids cannot have implanted in their brains is empathy. They are unable
to feel bad for their brethren (Dick 124). Empathy, and by extension Mercerism,
are indicative to capitalism and freedom. Mercer continuing to go up and down
on the hillside can be seen as a metaphor for the free market; something that
communist spies will never experience in their own country. The androids have
their own brand of religion they follow in the form of Buster Friendly. Buster
represents the propaganda spewed out in communist regimes. Buster is intolerant
of Mercerism and broadcasts his message twenty-three hours a day. This reminds
me a of a certain communist government in North Korea which has radios playing
propaganda that can never be shut off.
An ongoing
theme in Do Androids Dream of Electric
Sheep is the unknown. The reader doesn’t know which animal is fake or real,
if the Voigt-Kampff test is legitimate or faulty, or who is an android and who
is human. This not knowing can lead to fear and assumptions as to who the
actual androids are. This is exactly what happened during the time period it
was written. Fear of the unknown was a big issue for the U.S. when Cold War
tensions were at their height. United States citizens didn’t know what a
Sputnik was flying around Earth beeping at them, they didn’t know when or if
the Soviets would ever use their nuclear weapons, and they didn’t know who was
going to turn around and betray the United States to the Soviet Union. This is
the environment Phillip K. Dick lived in and it is easy to see this throughout
the book.
1 comment:
The majority of this essay is your introduction; it takes a long time (far too long) to simply explain the background of your argument. There's also an odd ambiguity here - are you arguing that the androids are metaphors for communist spies, or that the persecution of the androids is a metaphor for communist spies? You don't distinguish between the two, but freely slip between them. The difference, though, is incredibly important.
That being said, at an essential level, your approach (or approaches) is clearly reasonable. Paranoia, confused identities and the conflict between communism and capitalism is clearly present here.
Your actual use of details, though (probably because of the brevity of this section) is hurried and problematic. Do you really think that Mercerism is identified with capitalism, for instance? Deckard, for instance, uses Mercerism to argue that his neighbor should *not* have dramatically better possessions than he does. In other words, while your general approach is workable, you don't seem to think about the details very hard. The final paragraph - when you veer suddenly into a related topic, rather than working on the details of your basic claim - is the most dramatic example of this issue.
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