Jimmy Corrigan, the Smartest Industrial Society on Earth
Jimmy Corrigan is
a graphic novel that follows Jimmy through his troublesome, monotonous life as
well as the life of his father and grandfather. Jimmy does not have an ideal
life mostly because of the way he was raised, the way his parents were raised, and
his reluctance to try to attain a better life that fills his imagination.
Chapter nine of Marcuse’s One Dimensional
Man discusses why a developed society always desires to better itself and
its relation to philosophical and scientific ways of thinking. Surprisingly,
Marcuse’s writing provides a clear tie in with Jimmy Corrigan. Jimmy is essentially the industrial society
described in this chapter, with the different facets of his life relating to different
characteristics of a society trying to further itself and achieve liberation.
To
understand this metaphor it is important to first discuss Jimmy’s life and how
it relates to the two ways of thinking in society as defined by Marcuse;
philosophically and scientifically. Jimmy did not have a happy childhood. His
mother is overprotective and verbally abusive, while his father was absent for
the majority of his life. In his later years, Jimmy works a job he is obviously
not happy with as shown by his complete lack of friends in the workplace and poignant
expressions. His mother is still constantly bothering him and his new
relationship with his father is awkward at best (Ware). This is the reality
that Jimmy lives in, or as Marcuse would say, the scientific or reason-based
part of his life. Marcuse describes reason as “repress(ing) and even
destroy(ing) the urge to live, to live well, and to live better.” (Marcuse Ch.
9) Reason, although capable of progressing society, is the cause of an
unfulfilled life. Jimmy’s reality, or reason, is the cause of why he is so down
on himself. Reality pushes his life forward, but it is not enjoyable for him as
an individual. To fight his harrowing life, Jimmy often has fantasies of what
he really wants to happen; actions he wishes he could take if he wasn’t
restricted by reason. For example, Jimmy fantasizes about killing his father
for not being there for him, and also about having sex with the nurse after the
car hits him (Ware). His fantasies transcend reality, just as philosophical
thinking transcends science and reason in society. Marcuse writes, “philosophy
transcended, subordinating it (scientific thought) to be the ‘good life’ of a
different law and order. And this other order, which presupposed a high degree
of freedom from toil, ignorance, and poverty, was unreal...” (Marcuse Ch. 9) Philosophy is not bound by scientific
thought which is the “universal reality.” (Marcuse Ch. 9) Philosophy goes
beyond that and allows individuals of industrial societies to think freely no
matter what their situation is. This is exactly what Jimmy does with his
fantasies. He expresses his actual wants in his fantasies, which translates
into the freedom desired by the society described by Marcuse.
As stated
before, the role models in Jimmy’s life have not exactly been the most
upstanding. His father left for yet to be seen reasons at this point in the
book, and his mother seems to not put too much thought into raising her child
(Ware). Just as Jimmy’s reality and fantasies can be viewed through One Dimensional Man, so are his role
models. First, let’s look at mom. She does genuinely seem to care about Jimmy,
but she displays it in all the wrong ways. As a child, his mom constantly
scolded him for things as childish such as sticking his hand out the window
like superman (Ware). She had unrealistic expectations of him as a kid to act
as a little adult. When Jimmy does finally become an adult, she is still
overbearing; calling him everyday at work and getting into his personal
business (Ware). His mother is oppressing
him. She is the obstacle in his path of living a happy life. Looking at this
relationship through Marcuse, she is the oppression that stops society from
truly enjoying life. “For the translation of values into needs is the twofold
process of (1) material satisfaction (materialization of freedom) and (2) the
free development of needs on the basis of satisfaction (non-repressive
sublimation).” (Marcuse Ch. 9) This quote from Marcuse explains that in order
for societies’ values to become reality, society must be free to develop their
own desires without oppression. In Jimmy
Corrigan terms, this quote explains that in order for Jimmy’s desires
(freedom) to become reality, he must be able to freely express these wants without
interference from his mother. However, just halfway through the book it is
apparent his mother is not going to stop trying to interfere so he won’t be
able to truly express his desires in life. His father on the other hand
represents nature. One Dimensional Man
describes nature as a, “legitimate
object not only of Reason as power but also of Reason as freedom; not only of
domination but .also of liberation.” (Marcuse Ch. 9) Since Jimmy’s father was
absent for his childhood so was nature. Jimmy was not able to experience
“reason as freedom”, or in other words, the reality of having a father figure.
If his father would have been there for him, he would have had an “object” of
“liberation” from his oppression that was his mother. “All joy and all
happiness derive from the ability to transcend Nature…” That is, happiness in
Jimmy’s life could have been derived from his father if he had been there for
him. To further drive this point home, Jimmy’s dad is pictured in a flannel for
a good part of the book (Ware); an image commonly associated with outdoors and nature.
Marcuse describes a society with two
trains of though. A philosophical path that is free thinking and able to
permeate oppression, and a scientific path that is restricted by reality and
seeks liberation so it can express itself freely. Nature can be part of the
reason-dominated society, but it also serves as a source of freedom as it is
not completely conquered by science. Being able to embrace nature and freedom
depends on whether or not the industrial society has historical context of why
reason has conquered them (Marcuse Ch. 9). Jimmy Corrigan has a bleak reality.
It is only lightened by his thoughts of transcending the restrictions placed on
him, and acting out against the oppression (his mother) that had defined his
life. He seeks a good relationship with his father, who could potentially
liberate him from his oppression, but the only way of doing this is knowing his
father’s history.. This history is provided to us through flashbacks in the
comic, but it still unknown to Jimmy (Ware). Knowing how his father and
grandfather were raised could help him understand his father more and conquer
his dislike for him. With these metaphors and direct quotes from One Dimensional Man, it is easy to see
how Jimmy Corrigan fits a Marcusian
way of thinking so well.
Marcuse, Herbert. One-Dimensional Man. Boston:
Beacon, 1964. Web.
<http://www.marcuse.org/herbert/pubs/64onedim/odmcontents.html>
Ware, Chris. Jimmy Corrigan, the Smartest Kid on
Earth. New York City: Pantheon Books, 2000. Print.
2 comments:
You obviously have a strong grasp of both texts. Your arguments are well constructed and have a clear connection to each other. One thing I am suggesting is to make more comparisons to the visuals as the prompt asks if you were to use this as a revision. You do it once, noting that Jimmy's father is often seen wearing flannel when comparing him to Marcuse's idea of nature. I think when you talk about Jimmy's mom this would be a good place to talk about how Jimmy's mom, and women in general are shown in this book. Overall this is a great start and you are well in your way to a good revision with this piece.
Your introduction is a little vague. You could have zoomed in more quickly on particular aspects of Marcuse & Ware.
I'm happy you have the nerve to launch the discussion in your 2nd paragraph. One thing I'd like to emphasize that for Marcuse, thought (reason) needs to be transcendent. Our problem, or part if it, is that we refuse to let it be transcendent - so we end up even with art which is merely disposable pleasure, rather than really transcending our problematic situation. So for Marcuse, current philosophy and art tries but *fails* to transcend our situation.
I'd like to gently suggest (because I do think you're doing well working with complex material) that one reason why Jimmy fails so persistently is that he has a lot of trouble really transcending his situation. Maybe his dreams do have a transcendent quality (I'd really like to see you get into the details of those dreams - don't just generalize!), but they don't seem to be *effective*.
The business of flannel = nature is really strained. Why should an obese, bigoted, airport bartender be taken as a representative of nature? I can actually think of a couple reasons (his frank sexuality, for instance), but this seems like a painful stretch. Which isn't to say that your discussion of needs and repression from earlier in the paragraph is pointless. Jimmy *is* someone whose needs are fulfilled, *yet* who is thoroughly repressed, unfree, and unhappy. Rather than trying to deal with all of that at once, though (which leads you to generalizing and speculating, which gets you into trouble, as with father=nature), you should/could focus more narrowly. If you are interested in exploring Jimmy's needs and whether they are satisfied or unsatisfied, for instance, focus more narrowly on that, rather than trying to do everything at once.
Overall: What you needed her was focus. Begin with a part of the texts - for instance, Jimmy's entry into his father's apartment, or their discussion in "Burger Country" - and analyze *that* through Marcuse, rather than trying to discuss a million things about Jimmy's character at an overly abstract level. Be more precise both with Marcuse and with Ware.
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