Marcuse and Modern Times
Marcuse’s One Dimensional Man can be used to
explain many aspects of Charlie Chaplin’s Modern
Times. Both analyze the role of the laborer within the confines of society
and the way that the Industrial Revolution changed that role. They also examine
the role of man in society marked by the evolution of the Industrial Revolution
and man’s relationship with freedom of enterprise. Marcuse’s explanation of
these subjects can be used to give the characters and the movie as a whole a
new meaning and a new voice, if you will.
In Modern Times, Chaplin plays a
blue-collar worker at a big factory during the Industrial Revolution. The
opening scene of the movie is Chaplin struggling at work. This struggle can be
explained through Marcuse. With the mechanization of his factory, Chaplin is
faced with new challenges, rather than the simplicity the new machines are
supposed to represent. The machines in Chaplin’s case represent the new
pressures and challenges of “increased speed-up, control of the machine
operators (rather than of the product), and isolation of the workers from each
other” (Marcuse 2). Chaplin finds it extremely hard to keep up with the machine
and is repeatedly scolded by management when he fails to do so. While in
Chaplin’s situation the workers are not physically isolated from one another
there is a suggestion of emotional isolation. The workers are in a sense pit
against each other. They are constantly trying to prove that they can keep up
with the machines better than the workers around them. Chaplin gets into a few
scuffles with his fellow workers because he cannot keep up. The fact that “productivity is determined ‘by
the machines, and not by the individual output’” in the factory makes this increasingly
difficult for Chaplin (Marcuse 2). The men are not allowed to dictate their own
pace and suffer when they must itch their armpit or swat at a bee, as Chaplin
does in the movie.
Marcuse also
explains the experience of a factory worker “as a life-long occupation,
exhausting, stupefying, inhuman slavery” (Marcuse 2). This idea of labor as “slavery”
can explain many of Chaplin’s experiences in Modern Times. Chaplin’s smoke break, for instance, is interrupted and
ended by the boss of the company. Not only does the company control Chaplin while
he is working at the machines, but they own his private, personal time as well.
The owner of the company can also simply
order Chaplin to try the eating machine and he must do so, despite the fact
that it may, and turns out to be, detrimental to his health. He even has
Chaplin repeatedly assaulted by the machine just to see if it can be fixed. The
owner has no regard for Chaplin, thus fulfilling Marcuse’s idea that labor is “slavery”.
One-Dimensional Man may also be used to
describe Chaplin’s role in society after his mental breakdown. When Chaplin is
put in jail he is “no longer compelled to prove himself on the market” (Marcuse
1). This elimination from the “freedom
of enterprise” allows Chaplin to discover a new kind of happiness because “the
liberty to work or to starve, it spelled toil, insecurity, and fear for the
vast majority of the population” is
taken from him (Marcuse 1). In jail, Chaplin is “liberated from the work
world's imposing upon him alien needs and alien possibilities”, which is why he
feels so upset when he has to leave (Marcuse 1). He no longer has to worry about doing well in
work to move up in the company or getting a nice house, like the one he dreams
about after he is released. Arguably, he has achieved the ultimate economic freedom
in jail; “freedom from the daily struggle for existence, from earning a living”
(Marcuse 1). When he is thrust back in to society, Chaplin has trouble adapting
to the now foreign fight of earning a living. This struggle is evidenced by his
string of firings. Eventually, he settles back in to society, but the effect of
the elimination of the freedom of enterprise and the fact that Chaplin’s life
was much simpler are clearly shown. The negative effect of the freedom of
enterprise in Marcuse’s view, can be seen in other characters in the novel, as
well. The stresses of this freedom cause the Little Tramp to turn to theft. The
ever-increasing unemployed are literally fighting in the streets. Without the
freedom of enterprise these problems would not exist in man, according to
Marcuse. Marcuse is able to help define Chaplin’s place in society and his
actions throughout the movie. Marcuse’s views apply to the new technology that
Chaplin faces at work and his relationships with the labor industry and jail.
2 comments:
Abby,
Nicely written, your introduction clearly stated the intent of your following paragraphs. Your use of examples from Marcuse was good however it might help to expand the quotes from Marcuse a little more to provide actual context to the way they were used in One Dimensional Man especially given the complexity of Marcuse's writing. It would also help to separate your conclusion from your final paragraph. Overall it is a good start; if you decide to revise you might elaborate on Marcuse's view of art and how it relates when Chaplin's character is finally successful at a job that allows him to think freely and improvise as opposed to the operationalism of factory work.
I like your introduction. It's good to begin with a narrow focus.
Your discussion of Chaplin through Marcuse is quite good. Ideally, in a longer version, I'd want to know what *you* are doing with your analysis of Modern Times using Marcuse - what's the end point? But taken by itself, it's good!
Although I like all of your analysis of the Little Tramp through Marcuse, my favorite part is your point that he has achieved freedom *from* the economy, rather than freedom within it, when in prison. It's a great, non-trivializing way of explaining how precarious life is for him outside.
Really, this is just a very good analysis of the film using the book, and has an appropriate level of ambition for a draft. If you revise, the question is where to go with it? You known how to read the movie through Marcuse - the question is what that means to *you* - whether it leads you, for instance, to understand Chaplin (or the Great Depression?) or Marcuse in a new and worthwhile way. This is good analysis, which can be used to draw conclusions, if you follow through on what you're starting to build here.
Or to simplify: the only thing remaining (but the biggest and most important thing!) is to show why we should care that this analysis can be made.
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